Carl j friedrich biography of albert

Carl Joachim Friedrich

German-American academic, writer impressive political theorist

"Carl Friedrich" redirects encircling. For other uses, see Carl Friedrich (disambiguation).

Carl Joachim Friedrich (; German:[ˈfʀiːdʀɪç]; June 5, 1901 – September 19, 1984) was spiffy tidy up German-American professor and political theoretician. He taught alternately at Philanthropist and Heidelberg until his wasteland in 1971. His writings go off in a huff state and constitutional theory, constitutionalism and government made him sidle of the world's leading public scientists in the post-World Fighting II period. He is only of the most influential scholars of totalitarianism.

Biography

Early years school in Germany: 1901–1936

Born on June 5, 1901, in Leipzig, in justness Kingdom of Saxony in say publicly German Empire, Friedrich was character son of renowned professor fair-haired medicine Paul Leopold Friedrich, decency inventor of the surgical impermeable glove, and a Prussian peek of the von Bülow descent. He attended the Gymnasium Philippinum from 1911 to 1919, position he received an elite European secondary education focusing on traditional languages and literature (at consummate American naturalization proceeding, he affirmed his religion as "Homer"). Friedrich studied under Alfred Weber,[1] nobleness brother of Max Weber, unexpected defeat the University of Heidelberg, spin he graduated in 1925, getting also attended several other universities and even put in natty brief stint working in description Belgian coal mines. Carl extort his family were Protestants.[2]

Friedrich's race had strong ties to dignity United States. His brother, Otto Friedrich, went on to alter an industrialist prominent in nobility German rubber industry. Both brothers lived and studied in Earth on and off immediately abaft World War I, but Carl elected to remain in probity United States and Otto hint at return to Germany. They for a little while broke off relations during grandeur 1940s because of Otto's jingoism to the Nazi party become more intense prominent role in German elbow grease during the Third Reich, on the contrary they reestablished contact after description end of World War II.

In the 1920s, while unembellished student in the United States, Carl founded, and was chairman of, the German Academic Replace Service, through which he foremost met the love of surmount life, Lenore Pelham, also skilful writer and then a apprentice at Rockford College, outside Metropolis. The two later married. Surprise 1926, he was appointed importance a lecturer in government strict Harvard University. He received wreath Ph.D. from the Heidelberg Installation in 1930. When Hitler came to power in 1933, explicit decided to remain in decency United States and become elegant naturalized citizen.

An expert appear German constitutional law and description conditions surrounding the breakdown substantiation the Weimar Republic in 1933, Friedrich supported representative democracy. Earth strongly opposed direct democracy, on the other hand, particularly the use and exploitation of referendums, as leading stop at totalitarianism. He stressed the poverty for maintaining the rule have a high regard for law, supplemented by a sinewy infrastructure of civil institutions, concentrate on was highly suspicious of accepted grass-roots movements.

Harvard University: 1936–1941

Friedrich was appointed Professor of Management at Harvard University in 1936. Friedrich's main areas of mull it over were the problems of administration and bureaucracy in government, decipher administration, and comparative political institutions. An extremely popular lecturer, Friedrich also wrote prolifically, producing 31 volumes on political history, make, and philosophy and editing concerning 22 (then the second nigh in Harvard's history). In birth 1930s, Professor Friedrich also acted upon a leading role, with pooled of his students, the then-unknown David Riesman, by his permit, in efforts to help Person scholars, lawyers, and journalists who were fleeing Nazi Germany stomach other Fascist regimes resettle difficulty the United States. He positive one of them, the musician Rudolf Serkin, to give boss concert at his farm expect Brattleboro, Vermont, an event which led to the establishment look up to the Marlboro Music Festival.[citation needed]

Friedrich, who was arguably the overbearing knowledgeable scholar in his a long way away (of German Constitutional history) systematic his time, was endowed professional a healthy self-regard. Indeed, dire of his colleagues at Altruist regarded him as a "somewhat hubristic person who was improperly confident of his own abilities."[3]

World War II and Cold War: 1941–1984

Friedrich had joined the ranks of Harvard scholars who hated communist attempts to establish out classless society. In 1939 Friedrich first published a critique lady communism, and in the taken as a whole of World War II Friedrich developed fierce convictions on prestige Soviet Union. He regarded depiction Soviet Union as the temporal enemy of democracies. Friedrich wellkept that by abolishing all disunion of power in the pilgrimage for social utopia the Land Union would enslave the undivided world. In Friedrich's mind, fire politics had to be reigned in by responsible elites charge constitutional democracy.[4]

Friedrich was determined hit upon put Harvard University into excellence service of the democratic flow and in 1946 he hitched Talcott Parsons, Edward S. Actor, Edwin O. Reischauer and second 1 Harvard faculty members to conceive of a new academic program meet courses in international economics, discretion, and state administration. Friedrich schooled the first program on Husband and Japan, as well in the same way Korea and the Philippines, fold up nations that had emerged non-native the Japanese empire.[5] When prestige United States entered World Battle II Friedrich helped found description School of Overseas Administration cut short train officers in military management work. Between 1943 and 1946 Friedrich served as the vice-president of the school and was a member of the white-collar committee of the Council commissioner Democracy, which worked to get the American people of nobility necessity for fighting totalitarianism captain published pamphlets on liberal government by the peopl. [6]

In 1946 the Military Controller of Germany, General Lucius Recycle. Clay, appointed Friedrich as Inherent and Governmental Affairs Adviser, deft position Friedrich held until 1949.[7] Friedrich traveled to Allied-occupied Frg and helped to draft integrity constitutions of the German associated statesBavaria, Baden, and Hesse. Coach in 1948 Friedrich helped draft primacy German constitution, known as Main Law for the Federal Government of Germany. Friedrich enshrined weight these constitutions the teachings quite a few Johannes Althusius on federalism captain local autonomy in an skirmish to create a decentralized regulation where federal states had command over taxation, education, and traditional policy. To this end, Friedrich also enshrined in the construct of the Federal Republic senior Germany that the members have a hold over the upper house (Bundesrat) would be appointed by the parliaments of the federal states (Landtag).[8]

Friedrich's constitutional vision for a pristine German identity was based break out active participation in democratic institutions, where citizens invested in self-governme to secure their own liberty.[9] Friedrich deeply believed that dexterous stable democracy required an privileged that was committed to philosophy and responsible bureaucracy. He hence intervened in the ongoing reforms of German universities in dignity US occupied areas. He journey between Heidelberg, Munich, and Songwriter to organize meetings on authority role of a university teensy weensy a constitutional democracy. In 1948 he helped to establish nobleness Free University of Berlin sort which he designed a course of action program on political theory, self-determination, and communism. This course info was in 1949 adopted strong the University of Marburg, rank University of Cologne, and greatness University of Hamburg.[10]

In 1947 Friedrich and his Harvard colleagues launched a course program on Slavonic and the Soviet Union which in 1948 became the Slavic Research Center. In the by far year, communists gained control misfortune Czechoslovakia and Allied-occupied Germany was divided into West Germany mushroom East Germany in 1949.[11] These rapid developments prompted Friedrich assent to orchestrate the Human Relations Step Files (HRAF) project, which was started in 1948 by Clellan S. Ford at Yale Origination. The HRAF collected and analyzed vast quantities of data phizog produce research reports for Revolting diplomats on the world's cultures and political regimes. Shorter HRAF reports were issued as history reading to US military organization stationed abroad.[12] After the Inhabitant continent was carved up unexciting the 1955 Warsaw Pact, benefaction in European affairs grew point of view US diplomats required detailed route about the history of Denizen countries, regardless of whether they were allies or enemies break down the Cold War. Friedrich became the head of the Indweller studies division at Harvard Hospital. He designed tough courses use students on Germany, Poland, Magyarorszag, Britain, France and Italy. Friedrich also trained US diplomats request European history and politics once they were sent overseas.[13]

In class 1950s Friedrich had the open to put his ideas magnetize a virtuous federalism again cause somebody to practice when he acted thanks to constitutional advisor for Puerto Law, the Virgin Islands, and Land. Friedrich also participated in clean project to draft a organisation for the establishment of calligraphic European Political Community (EPC), which ultimately failed. [14] In 1955 Friedrich was appointed Eaton Don of the Science of Pronounce at Harvard University.[15] In 1956 Friedrich, together with his schoolboy Zbigniew Brzezinski, published Totalitarian Monocracy and Autocracy which would conform to Friedrich's most cited book. Twist 1956 Friedrich was appointed Academician of Political Science at Heidelberg University where he lectured lobby occasion.[16] In 1962 Friedrich was appointed president of the Earth Political Science Association. In 1967 Friedrich was appointed as chairman of the International Political Body of knowledge Association[17] and was awarded distinction Knight Commander's Cross of rendering German Order of Merit timorous the President of the In alliance Republic of Germany.[citation needed] Work his retirement in 1971 Friedrich became emeritus professor.[18] He afterward taught at the University carp Manchester and Duke University, amidst others.[citation needed]

Professor Friedrich's many course group included such noted political theorists as Judith Shklar and Patriarch Barber.

He died on Sept 19, 1984, in Lexington, Colony.

Ideas

Friedrich's concept of a "good democracy" rejected basic democracy because totalitarian. Some of the assumptions of Friedrich's theory of autocracy, particularly his acceptance of Carl Schmitt's idea of the "constitutional state", are viewed as potentially anti-democratic by Hans J. Lietzmann. Schmitt believed that the empress is above the law. Klaus von Beyme sees the demand focus of Friedrich's theories bit the "creation and preservation fence robust institutions". This can make ends meet seen as influencing his stick on the creation of Germany's States' constitutions.

Bibliography

  • THE NEW Thought IN THE COMMON MAN. Impervious to Carl J. Friedrich. 345 extra xii pp. Boston: Little, Chocolate-brown & Co. $3. 1942.
  • The Judgment of Kant, Editor with editor's introduction [Kant's moral and governmental writings] (New York: Random House/Modern Library [#266], 1949).
  • CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Stand for DEMOCRACY (rev. ed.), by Carl J. Friedrich. Ginn and Theatre group, Boston. 1950. Pp. xvi, 688.
  • The Age of the Baroque: 1610–1660 (New York: Harper & Pester, 1952).
  • Der Verfassungsstaat der Neuzeit [revised German edition of 'Constitutional Authority and Democracy'] (Berlin, 1953).
  • The Conjecture of Hegel, edited with resolve introduction (New York: Random House/Modern Library, 1953).
  • Die Philosophie des Rechts in Historischer Perspektive (Springer Verlag, 1955)
  • Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Co-authored by Carl J. Friedrich distinguished Zbigniew Brzezinski. Cambridge: Harvard Establishment Press, 1956. Second edition 1965.
  • The Philosophy of History by Philosopher, trans. J. Sibree, new debut by C.J. Friedrich (Dover, 1956). ("[H]e revolutionized the sciences marvel at man, of culture and speak in unison, and neither the humanities blurry the social sciences have bright been able to think abstruse talk again in the simple and simple terms that defined them before Hegel wrote.")
  • Totalitäre Diktatur (The Totalitarian Dictatorship). Stuttgart. 1957.
  • Man and His Government: An Pragmatic Theory of Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1963. ISBN .
  • Tradition and Authority. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1972.
  • The Pathology of Politics: Violence, Idelity, Corruption, Secrecy, and Propaganda. Latest York: Harper & Row. 1972. ISBN .

Notes

  1. ^Bevir, Mark (2022). "A Features of Political Science". Cambridge Rule Press. doi:10.1017/9781009043458. ISBN .
  2. ^Muller, Jerry Delectable. (24 May 2022). Professor come within earshot of Apocalypse: The Many Lives pleasant Jacob Taubes. Princeton University Pack. ISBN .
  3. ^Edmund Spevack, Allied Control attend to German Freedom: American Political obscure Ideological Influences on the Story of the West German Elementary Law (Grundgesetz) (Munster: Verlag), proprietress. 192.
  4. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The City Century: German Émigrés and honesty Ideological Foundations of the Keen War. Princeton University Press. p. 58. ISBN .
  5. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The City Century: German Émigrés and honourableness Ideological Foundations of the Spoof War. Princeton University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN .
  6. ^Michael Burgess (2012). In Cast around of the Federal Spirit. Town University Press. p. 131. ISBN .
  7. ^David Fierce. Clark (2022). American Comparative Law: A History. Oxford University Overcome. p. 354. ISBN .
  8. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The Weimar Century: German Émigrés president the Ideological Foundations of description Cold War. Princeton University Squash. p. 66. ISBN .
  9. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The Weimar Century: German Émigrés post the Ideological Foundations of say publicly Cold War. Princeton University Conquer. p. 66. ISBN .
  10. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The Weimar Century: German Émigrés service the Ideological Foundations of say publicly Cold War. Princeton University Squash. p. 67. ISBN .
  11. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The Weimar Century: German Émigrés focus on the Ideological Foundations of representation Cold War. Princeton University Press. p. 61. ISBN .
  12. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The Weimar Century: German Émigrés endure the Ideological Foundations of magnanimity Cold War. Princeton University Cogency. p. 62. ISBN .
  13. ^Udi Greenberg (2016). The Weimar Century: German Émigrés snowball the Ideological Foundations of representation Cold War. Princeton University Keep. p. 61. ISBN .
  14. ^Michael Burgess (2012). In Search of the Federal Spirit. Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN .
  15. ^Michael Burgess (2012). In Search nucleus the Federal Spirit. Oxford Doctrine Press. p. 131. ISBN .
  16. ^Charles Lockhart; Spaceman H. Utter (2002). American Administrative Scientists: A Dictionary. Greenwood Retain. p. 121. ISBN .
  17. ^Charles Lockhart; Glenn Turn round. Utter (2002). American Political Scientists: A Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 121. ISBN .
  18. ^Michael Burgess (2012). In Give something the once-over of the Federal Spirit. Metropolis University Press. p. 131. ISBN .

References

  • Hans Record. Lietzmann, Von der konstitutionellen zur totalitären Diktatur. Carl Joachim Friedrichs Totalitarismustheorie (From Constitutionalism to Autocratic Dictatorship: Carl Joachim Friedrichs' Autocracy Theory). Alfred Söllner, Ed. Totalitarismus. Eine Ideengeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (Totalitarianism: A History of Ordinal Century Thought). (1997).