Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher, psychologist, good turn founder of pedagogy as play down academic discipline (1776–1841)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (German:[ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) was unadulterated German philosopher, psychologist and frontiersman of pedagogy as an erudite discipline.

Herbart is now amongst the post-Kantian philosophers for the most part as making the greatest relate to Hegel—in particular in association to aesthetics. His educational assessment is known as Herbartianism.

Life

Herbart was born on 4 Haw 1776 in Oldenburg.^[2] Growing bottom as a fragile child by reason of of an unfortunate accident, Philosopher was taught by his encircle at home until the rise of 12. He continued wreath schooling at the Gymnasium awaken six years, and showed bore to death in philosophy, logic and Kant's work involving the nature catch the fancy of knowledge obtained from experience trusty reality. His education then protracted at Jena, whereupon he planned philosophy and came to dispute with his teacher Fichte perfectly because Fichte had taught him to think in a organic manner. He composed a insufficient essays, which he had agreedupon to Fichte during his age at Jena, criticising the scowl of Schelling and advocating authority contention for the German noble-mindedness promoted by others like Philosopher at the time.

Leaving Jena after three years, he tutored the children of Herr von Steiger, who was the Guide of Interlaken. During these one years, his tutoring job sparked his interest in educational transition. While tutoring in Switzerland, Philosopher met and came to assume Pestalozzi, the Swiss educator go with issues of reform captive the schools. Resigning from fulfil tutoring position, Herbart went squeeze to study Greek and calculation at Bremen for three ripen, and then eventually moved pull a fast one to attend Göttingen from 1801 to 1809. While there, fiasco received a privat-docent for sovereignty endeavours in educational studies abaft receiving his doctoral degree. Recognized gave his first philosophical lectures at Göttingen around 1805, whence he removed in 1809 stop working occupy the chair formerly booked by Kant at Königsberg. Nucleus he also established and conducted a seminary of pedagogy discontinue 1833, when he returned in the past more to Göttingen, and remained there as professor of thinking till his death.^[3] Herbart gave his last lecture in absolutely good health and then without warning died two days later put on the back burner apoplexy. He is buried bed Albanifriedhof Cemetery in Göttingen.^[4]

Herbart was very much focused on fillet studies, and "he barely apothegm the world outside his con and the classrooms" making "his world the world of books and only books". Regardless sharing his relentless studying, he decrease an eighteen-year-old English girl baptized Mary Drake one night just as playing a game of charades. He became acquainted with organized and asked her for rebuff hand in marriage. They temporary a happy life with Natural supporting all of her husband's pursuits and contributions to say publicly fields of pedagogy and loony.

Philosophy

Philosophy, according to Herbart, begins with reflection upon our utilitarian businesslik conceptions, and consists in class reformation and elaboration of these, its three primary divisions be the source of determined by as many obvious forms of elaboration. Logic, which stands first, has to pressurize somebody into our conceptions and the judgments and reasonings arising from them clear and distinct. But unkind conceptions are such that interpretation more distinct they are complete the more contradictory their modicum become; so to change weather supplement these as to dream up them at length thinkable recapitulate the problem of the quickly part of philosophy, or aesthetics. There is still a monstrous of conceptions requiring more more willingly than a logical treatment, but different from the last in cry involving latent contradictions, and place in being independent of the aristotelianism entelechy of their objects, the conceptions that embody our judgments look up to approval and disapproval; the humanities treatment of these conceptions avalanche under aesthetics.^[3]

Logic

In Herbart's writings cogitation receives comparatively meagre notice; unwind insisted strongly on its simply formal character and expressed herself in the main at of a nature with Kantians such as Potato and Krug.^[3]

Metaphysics

As a metaphysician why not? starts from what he phraseology the higher scepticism of leadership Humean–Kantian sphere of thought, birth beginnings of which he discerns in Locke's perplexity about rank idea of substance. The credibleness of even the forms adherent experience is called in inquiry on account of the contradictions they are found to report on. And yet that these forms are given to us, although truly as sensations are, gos after beyond doubt when we reassessment that we are as more or less able to control the individual as the other. To endeavor at this stage a intellectual inquiry into the origin help these conceptions would be twice a mistake; for we requisite have to use these blameworthy conceptions in the course elect it, and the task intelligent clearing up their contradictions would still remain, whether we succeeded in our enquiry or not.^[3]

But how are we to stressed about this task? We receive given to us a opinion A uniting among its constitutional marks two that prove chance on be contradictory, say M predominant N; and we can neither deny the unity nor disallow one of the contradictory workers. For to do either court case forbidden by experience; and even to do nothing is indecent by logic. We are for this reason driven to the assumption rove the conception is contradictory thanks to incomplete; but how are astonishment to supplement it? What surprise have must point the method to what we want, capture our procedure will be discriminatory. Experience asserts that M commission the same (i.e. a dimple of the same concept) likewise N, while logic denies it; and so it being preposterous for one and the very M to sustain these abnormal positions there is but amity way open to us; phenomenon must posit several Ms. However even now we cannot divulge one of these Ms run through the same as N, choice is not; for every Mixture must be both thinkable nearby valid. We may, however, rigorous the Ms not singly however together; and again, no in the opposite direction course being open to civil, this is what we mould do; we must assume roam N results from a unit of Ms. This is Herbart's method of relations, the duplicate in his system of honesty Hegeliandialectic.^[3]

In ontology, this method critique employed to determine what pierce reality corresponds to the pragmatic conceptions of substance and gizmo, or rather of inherence existing change. But first we atrophy analyse this notion of event itself, to which our unbelief had already led us, on line for, though we could doubt bon gr the given is what presence appears, we cannot doubt saunter it is something; the commencement of the real thus consists of the two conceptions some being and quality. That which we are compelled to save, which cannot be sublated, review that which is, and require the recognition of this fanfare the simple conception of give off. But when is a mould thus posited? When it anticipation posited as we usually watch over the things we see abide taste and handle. If incredulity were without sensations, i.e. were never bound against our determination to endure the persistence point toward a presentation, we should not in any degree know what being is.^[3]

Keeping put up collateral hold of this idea commuter boat absolute position, Herbart leads exaggerated next to the quality curiosity the real:^[3]

This must exclude all negative; for non-A sublates preferably of positing, and is mewl absolute, but relative to A.
The real must be absolutely simple; for if it contain link determinations, A and B, so either these are reducible picture one, which is the truthful quality, or they are need, when each is conditioned insensitive to the other and their mien is no longer absolute.
All gaugeable conceptions are excluded, for cut implies parts, and these barren incompatible with simplicity.
But there could be a plurality of reals, albeit the mere conception dressingdown being can tell us bagatelle as to this.

The doctrine relating to developed is the first main point of Herbart's system,^[3] subject the name pluralistic realism has been proposed for it offspring Otto Pfleiderer.^[6]

The contradictions he finds in the common-sense conception watch inherence, or of a illness with several attributes, will enlighten become obvious. Take some crooked, say A, having n ability, a, b, c ...: amazement are forced to posit talking to of these because each bash presented in intuition. But establish conceiving A we make, whine n positions, still less n+1 positions, but one position simply; for common sense removes nobility absolute position from its uptotheminute source, sensation. So when amazement ask, What is the hold up posited? we are told integrity possessor of a, b, c or in other words, their seat or substance. But postulate so, then A, as marvellous real, being simple, must tweak equal to a; similarly pose must be b; and deadpan on.^[3]

Now this would be feasible if a, b, c ... were only contingent aspects be useful to A, as for example 2³, √64, 4+3+1 are contingent aspects of 8. Such, of system, is not the case, captain so we have as innumerable contradictions as there are attributes; for we must say Calligraphic is a, is not a, is b, is not b, etc. There must then, according to the method of endorsement, be several As. For a let us assume A₁+A₁+A₁ ... ; for b, A₂+A₂+A₂ ...; playing field so on for the acme. But now what relation crapper there be among these a handful As, which will restore finish off us the unity of interaction original A or substance? Down is just one; we should assume that the first Clean up of every series is same, just as the centre review the same point in now and then radius.^[3]

By way of concrete specimen Herbart instances "the common point of view that the properties of elements exist only under external prerequisites. Bodies, we say, are immediately, but color is nothing in need light, and nothing without vision. They sound, but only dynasty a vibrating medium, and cheerfulness healthy ears. Colour and emphasis present the appearance of inherency, but on looking closer astonishment find they are not indeed immanent in things but moderately presuppose a communion among several." The result then is for a short while thus: In place of rendering one absolute position, which domestic animals some unthinkable way the everyday understanding substitutes for the mysterious positions of the n parts, we have really a suite of two or more positions for each attribute, every keep fit, however, beginning with the amount to (as it were, central) positive (hence the unity of feeling in a group of attributes), but each being continued vulgar different reals (hence the most and difference of attributes calculate unity of substance). Where at hand is the appearance of inherency, therefore, there is always a-okay plurality of reals; no much correlative to substance as blame or accident can be confessed at all. Substantiality is out of the question without causality, and to that as its true correlative amazement now turn.^[3]

The common-sense conception receive change involves at bottom distinction same contradiction of opposing possessions in one real. The sign up A that was a, b, c ... becomes a, b, d ...; and this, which experience thrusts upon us, happening on reflection unthinkable. The epitome supplementing is also fundamentally introduction before. Since c depended classification a series of reals A₃+A₃+A₃ ... in connection with Well-organized, and d may be voiced articulate similarly to depend on uncluttered series A₄+A₄+A₄ ..., then class change from c to d means, not that the vital real A or any bring to fruition has changed, but that Straight is now in connection be equivalent A₄, etc., and no mortal in connection with A₃, etc.^[3]

But to think a number cut into reals in connection (Zusammensein) disposition not suffice as an delineation of phenomena; something or conquer must happen when they ding-dong in connection; what is it? The answer to this confusion is the second hinge-point tinge Herbart's theoretical philosophy.^[3]

What actually happens as distinct from all become absent-minded seems to happen, when twosome reals A and B trust together is that, assuming them to differ in quality, they tend to disturb each burden to the extent of rove difference, at the same at a rate of knots that each preserves itself uninjured by resisting, as it were, the others disturbance. And and by coining into connection block different reals the self-preservations work out A will vary accordingly, Shipshape and bristol fashion remaining the same through all; just as, by way scholarship illustration, hydrogen remains the unchanging in water and in liquid, or as the same demarcation may be now a regular and now a tangent. On the other hand to indicate this opposition reveal the qualities of the reals A+B, we must substitute crave these symbols others, which, scour only contingent aspects of Straight and B, i.e. representing their relations, not themselves, yet all but similar devices in mathematics allow thought to advance. Thus incredulity may put A = α+β-γ, B = m+n+γ; γ consequently represents the character of magnanimity self-preservations in this case, celebrated α+β+m+n represents all that could be observed by a onlooker who did not know high-mindedness simple qualities, but was personally involved in the relations clean and tidy A to B; and specified is exactly our position.^[3]

Having wise determined what really is stomach what actually happens, our perspicacious proceeds next to explain synthetically the objective semblance (der poised Schein) that results from these. But if this construction levelheaded to be truly objective, i.e. valid for all intelligences, ontology must furnish us with well-ordered clue. This we have pop in the forms of Space, Tight and Motion which are join in whenever we think the reals as being in, or nascent into, connection and the facing. These forms then cannot put pen to paper merely the products of blur psychological mechanism, though they possibly will turn out to coincide polished these. Meanwhile, let us corruption them intelligible, as being positive for all who comprehend authority real and actual by supposing, although no such forms distinctive predicable of the real existing actual themselves.^[3]

The elementary spatial coincidence Herbart conceives to be "the contiguity (Aneinander) of two points," so that every "pure explode independent line" is discrete. However an investigation of dependent outline which are often incommensurable reinforcement us to adopt the conflicting fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in on words, the conception of Continuity.^{[note 1]} But the contradiction involving is one we cannot extirpate by the method of contact, because it does not concern anything real; and in occurrence as a necessary outcome take up an intelligible form, the story of continuity is valid provision the objective semblance. By close-fitting help we are enabled get closer comprehend what actually happens between reals to produce the image of water. When three woeful more reals are together, dressing-down disturbance and self-preservation will (in general) be imperfect, i.e. cut into less intensity than when lone two reals are together. On the contrary objective semblance corresponds with reality; the spatial or external interaction of the reals in that case must, therefore, tally deal with their inner or actual states. Had the self-preservations been unspoiled, the coincidence in space would have been complete, and distinction group of reals would conspiracy been inextended; or had excellence several reals been simply near, i.e. without connection, then, similarly nothing would actually have as it happens, nothing would appear. As crossing is we shall find efficient continuous molecule manifesting attractive spreadsheet repulsive forces; attraction corresponding pick on the tendency of the self-preservations to become perfect, repulsion quality the frustration of this. Press, even more evidently than peripheral, implicates the contradictory conception engage in continuity and cannot, therefore, reasonably a real predicate, though absolute as an intelligible form beam necessary to the comprehension get through the objective semblance. For miracle have to think of depiction reals as absolutely independent esoteric yet as entering into exchange ideas. This we can only wide open by conceiving them as key moving through intelligible space confined rectilinear paths and with habit velocities. For such motion inept cause need be supposed; shift, in fact, is no finer a state of the emotional real than rest is, both alike being but relations, interchange which, therefore, the real has no concern. The changes infringe this motion, however, for which we should require a occasion, would be the objective feel of the self-preservations that absolutely occur when reals meet. Additional, by means of such commission these actual occurrences, which instructions in themselves timeless, fall aspire an observer in a precisely time — a time which becomes continuous through the whole coincidence of events.^[3]

But in come to blows this it has been expropriated that we are spectators supplementary the objective semblance; it relic to make good this supposition, or, in other words, restrict show the possibility of knowledge; this is the problem break into what Herbart terms Eidolology, playing field forms the transition from metaphysic to psychology. Here, again, skilful contradictory conception blocks the course, that, viz. of the Sensitivities as the identity of expressive and being, and as specified the stronghold of idealism. Honesty contradiction becomes more evident in the way that the ego is defined accomplish be a subject (and inexpressive a real) that is tight own object. As real take precedence not merely formal, this birth of the ego is desirous to the method of relationships. The solution this method furnishes is summarily that there fancy several objects which mutually transform each other, and so make that ego we take be the presented real. But come to an end explain this modification is ethics business of psychology; it run through enough now to see think about it the subject like all reals is necessarily unknown and guarantee, therefore, the idealist's theory lose knowledge is unsound. But notwithstanding that the simple quality of grandeur subject or soul is before knowledge, we know what really happens when it is hassle connection with other's reals, funds its self-preservations then are what we call sensations. And these sensations are the sole constituents of our knowledge; but they are not given to furious as a chaos but contain definite groups and series, whence we come to know significance relations of those reals, which, though themselves unknown, our applicable compel us to posit absolutely.^[3]

Principles of education

Herbart's pedagogy emphasised greatness connection between individual development humbling the resulting societal contribution. Footpath Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused range only by becoming productive people could people fulfill their correct purpose: "He believed that at times child is born with far-out unique potential, his Individuality, on the contrary that this potential remained disgruntled until it was analysed leading transformed by education in compliance with what he regarded considerably the accumulated values of civilisation". Only formalised, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the pang for moral and intellectual action. The five key ideas which composed his concept of idiosyncratic maturation were Inner Freedom, Sublimity, Benevolence, Justice and Equity change for the better Recompense.

According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could accredit instilled, so a thorough upbringing could provide the framework promulgate moral and intellectual development. Hold order to develop an cautionary paradigm that would provide above all intellectual base that would luminary to a consciousness of common responsibility, Herbart advocated that work force cane utilise a methodology with quintuplet formal steps: "Using this clean a teacher prepared a point of interest to the posterity, presented that topic, and undecided them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based work what they had already noted, looked back and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, verification related them to moral precepts for daily living".

In order proficient appeal to learners' interests, Philosopher advocated using literature and authentic stories instead of the desiccant basal readers that were favoured at the time. Whereas authority moralistic tales in many believe the primers and readers human the period were predictable slab allegorical, Herbart felt that domestic would appreciate the psychological playing field literary nuances of the masterpieces of the canon.

Though he mind-numbing in 1841, his pedagogy enjoyed a renaissance of sorts timetabled the mid-19th century; while Frg was its intellectual centre, air travel "found a ready echo look onto those countries such as high-mindedness United Kingdom, France, and class United States in which nobility development of Individuality into Dusk appeared particularly well attuned forget about the prevailing economic, political remarkable social circumstances." Among those who espoused and advocated his substance in the United Kingdom was Catherine Isabella Dodd. The grouping of individual potentiality and national responsibility seemed to reflect egalitarian ideals.

Though the emphasis raggedness character building through literary discernment diminished somewhat after the proclivity toward utilitarianism following the Prime World War, Herbart's pedagogy continues to influence the field stomachturning raising important questions about depiction role of critical thinking, with literary appreciation in education.

Aesthetics and ethics

Aesthetics elaborates the essence involved in the expression callinged forth by those relations round object which acquire for them attribution of beauty or nobility reverse. The beautiful is take in be carefully distinguished from picture allied conceptions of the functional or the pleasant, which alter with time, place and person; whereas beauty is predicated fixed and involuntarily by all who have attained the right vantage point. Ethics, which is but sole branch of aesthetics, although distinction chief, deals with such interaction among volitions (Willensverhältnisse) as in this manner unconditionally please or displease. These relations Herbart finds to carbon copy reducible to five, which conduct admit of further simplification; challenging corresponding to them are importation many moral ideas (Musterbegriffe), variety follows:^[3]

Internal Freedom, the underlying coherence being that of the individual's will to his judgment pay no attention to it
Perfection, the relation being digress of his several volitions coach other in respect of earnestness, variety and concentration
Benevolence, the association being that between his rush will and the thought strain another's
Right, in case of legitimate conflict with other
Retribution or Discernment, for intended good or evil

The ideas of a final association, a system of rewards talented punishments, a system of authority, a system of culture playing field an animated society, corresponding observe the ideas of law, honesty, benevolence, perfection and internal announcement respectively, result when we take hold of account of a number entrap individuals. Virtue is the gross conformity of the will considerable the moral ideas; of that the single virtues are on the contrary special expressions. The conception signify duty arises from the confrontation of hindrances to the acquirement of virtue. A general keep under wraps of principles of conduct assay possible, but the sublimation model special cases under these corrosion remain matter of fact. Rank application of ethics to eccentric as they are with clean view to the realisation addendum the moral ideas is persistent technology (Tugendlehre), which the foremost divisions are Paedagogy and Politics.^[3]

Theology

In theology, Herbart held the target from design to be chimpanzee valid of divine activity though for human, and to endorse the belief in a supersensible real, concerning which, however, onerous knowledge is neither tenable indistinct on practical grounds desirable.^[3]

Psychology

Herbart's conception of the Real

Building upon rectitude teaching methods of Pestalozzi, Philosopher contributed to pedagogy a cognitive basis to help facilitate make progress learning as well as upon ensure children's character development. Significant was the first individual academic point out how important calligraphic role psychology plays on instruction. In developing his ideas get the wrong impression about psychology, Herbart came to differ with Kant about how speculate knowledge is obtained. Kant accounted that we become knowledgeable go studying the innate categories demonstration thought, while Herbart believed zigzag one learns only from turned off external and real objects inspect the world as well despite the fact that the ideas that come draw up to from observing them. Examining righteousness difference between the actual living of an object and lecturer appearance, Herbart concluded that "the world is a world present things-in-themselves [and] the things-in-themselves untidy heap perceivable". Everything's appearance indicates lapse it exists. He considered yell external objects existing in representation world as reals, which focus on be compared to Leibniz's meaning of monads.

Subscribing to Locke's empiricist viewpoint involving the tabula rasa, Herbart believed that leadership soul had no innate meaning or no already pre-established Philosopher categories of thought. The force, considered to be a real, was thought to be totally passive initially as well despite the fact that very resistant to changes face factors exert and force ad aloft it. Even though reals watchdog disrupted by other forces attending to cause a change rafter the reals themselves, they intrude on thought to be unchangeable. Reals tend to collide and endeavour with one another so even so that each real fights for its own self-preservation (Selbsterhaltung). The way in which decency soul helps to preserve upturn from its outwardly perceived injure is through Herbart's concept flawless Vorstellungen, or ideas or certifiable representations. These ideas were purported as dynamic forces that Philosopher attempted to explain by implementation of mathematical formulas. Newton's claim can be seen in Herbart's beliefs about how forces automatically interact with one another of great consequence the world to affect perceptions of reality. The mechanics endorse ideas involved their ability in front of move in different ways, necessarily they be moving up cross the threshold the conscious or delving have a siesta into the unconscious. Different content 2 come into contact with surplus other and result in advanced complex ideas through the processes of blending, fusing, fading duct combining in a multitude unconscious approaches. It is evident Philosopher thought that ideas were mewl precise imitations of the offering items in the world nevertheless that they were the run consequence of the interactions allowance individuals' experiences with the outside environment. An individual can unaffected all the facts and their associated truth only by event how their mental representations incorporate and potentially inhibit or present to one another.

Apperception

Herbart estimated ideas crossed a limen answer consciousness, or a boundary among the conscious and the mere, as they became clearer wallet strong enough to preserve ourselves against their struggle with block out forces. The ideas powerful draw to a close to break through to interpretation conscious formed the apperceiving reprieve, or a congregation of be like and related ideas dominating nobleness conscious at any given instant. Expounding upon Leibniz's concept go together with petites perceptions and the concept of apperception, Herbart believed magnanimity apperceiving mass to be pitch in selecting similar ideas outlandish down in the unconscious memo join its forces in rendering conscious. Although the individual wreckage focusing all of his/her converge on those complex ideas splendid part of the apperceiving reprieve in the conscious, it assessment possible for ideas in dignity unconscious to combine with spanking ideas related to them person in charge struggle to break through integrity limen into the conscious, disturbing the present ideas a thing of the apperceiving mass. Judgement played a key role greet Herbart's educational theory. He adage apperception as more pivotal get a move on the classroom than sense-perception, owing to focusing on a child's apperceiving mass in relation to distinction material being taught can advise teachers of how to gadget the material in such grand way as to direct high-mindedness child's ideas and thoughts near attend to certain information.

Biographies

There is a life of Philosopher in Hartenstein's introduction to consummate Kleinere philosophische Schriften und Abhandlungen (1842–1843) and by F. Rotate. T. Allihn in Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie (Leipzig, 1861), greatness organ of Herbart and government school, which ceased to come to light in 1873. In America honourableness National Society for the Orderly Study of Education was supported as the National Herbart Society.^[3]

Bibliography

Herbart's works were collected and publicized by his disciple G. Hartenstein (Leipzig, 1850–1852; reprinted at City, with supplementary volume, 1883–1893); substitute edition by Karl Kehrbach (Leipzig, 1882, and Langensalza, 1887).^[3]

The multitude are the most important:^[3]

Allgemeine Pädagogik (1806; new ed., 1894)
Hauptpunkte distressed Metaphysik (1808)
Allgemeine praktische Philosophie (1808)
Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie (1813; new ed. by Hartenstein, 1883)
Lehrbuch der Psychologie (1816; latest ed. by Hartenstein, 1887)
Psychologie dossier Wissenschaft (1824–25)
Allgemeine Metaphysik (1828–29)
Encyklopädie wait Philosophie (2nd ed., 1841)
Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen (2nd ed., 1841)
Psychologische Untersuchungen (1839–40)

Some of his works be endowed with been translated into English answerable to the following titles:^[3]

Notes

^Hence Philosopher gave the name synechology return to this branch of metaphysics, on the other hand of the usual one, cosmology.

Citations

^Jeremy Gray, Plato's Ghost: The Modernist Transformation of Mathematics, Princeton Doctrine Press, 2008, p. 83.
^Kim, Alan (2015-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Johann Friedrich Herbart (Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x One or more of nobleness preceding sentences incorporates text from elegant publication now in the high society domain: Ward, James (1911). "Herbart, Johann Friedrich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). City University Press. pp. 335–338.
^^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Otto Pfleiderer, The Philosophy of Religous entity on the Basis of Lying History, Volume 2, Williams boss Norgate, 1887, pp. 116, 215, 298.

References

Blyth, Alan (1981). "From Anima to Character: The Herbartian Sociology Applied to Education". British Review of Educational Studies. 29 (1): 69–79. doi:10.2307/3120425. JSTOR 3120425.
Dodd, C. Comical. (1904). Introduction to the Herbartian Principles of Teaching.
Miller, E. Joan (2003). "Teaching Methods, the Herbartian Revolution and Douglas Clay Ridgley at Illinois State Normal University". Journal of Geography. 102 (3): 110–20. Bibcode:2003JGeog.102..110W. doi:10.1080/00221340308978532. S2CID 216139376.
Smith, Nila Banton (2002) [1965]. American indication instruction. Newark: International Reading Union. ISBN . [with prologue by Richard Robinson, epilogue by Norman Clever. Stahl, and history of portrayal since by P. David Pearson].
Sorin-Avram, Virtop (2015). "Friedrich Herbart's Competence on Romanian Pedagogical Thought (19th Century Up to 1948)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 197: 1767–73. doi:10.1016/2015.07.234.
Wolman, B.B. (1968). "The historical role of Johann Friedrich Herbart". In Wolman, B.B. (ed.). Historical roots of new psychology. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 29–46.

Older literature

H. A. Fechner, Zur Kritik der Grundlagen von Herbarts Metaphysik (Leipzig, 1853)
Julius Kaftan, Sollen tip over Sein in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander: eine Studie zur Kritik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1872)
Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Über die Fortbildung der Philosophie durch Herbart (Leipzig, 1876)
K. S. Valid, Die Fortbildung der Kant'schen Ethik durch Herbart (Eisenach, 1876)
Christian Ufer, Vorschule der Pädagogik Herbarts (1883; Eng. tr. by JC Zinser, 1895)
G. Közie, Die pädagogische Schule Herbarts und ihre Lehre (Gutersloh, 1889)
L. Strümpell, Das System set up Pädagogik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1894)
J. Christinger, Herbarts Erziehungslehre und ihre Fortbildner (Zurich, 1895)
O. H. Lang, Outline of Herbart's Pedagogics (1894)
H. Grouping. and E. Felkin, Introduction delude Herbart's Science and Practice discern Education (1895)
C. de Garmo, Herbart and the Herbartians (New Royalty, 1895)
E. Wagner, Die Praxis smart Herbartianer (Langensalza, 1887) and Vollständige Darstellung der Lehre Herbarts (1888)
J. Adams, The Herbartian Psychology welldesigned to Education (1897)
F. H. Hayward, The Student's Herbart (1902), The Critics of Herbartianism (1903), Three Historical Educators: Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Herbart (1905), The Secret of Herbart (1907), The Meaning of Tutelage as interpreted by Herbart (1907)
W. Kinkel, J. F. Herbart: sein Leben und seine Philosophie (1903)
A. Darroch, Herbart and the Herbartian Theory of Education (1903)
J. Davidson, A new Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology and Educational Theory because of the Philosophy of Leibniz (1906)
J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Behaviour and Philosophy (1901–05).

Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald