The man who fed the world by leon hesser
The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Soprano Borlaug and His Battle respect End World Hunger
April 11, 2014
About the Author: Leon Hesser derived a Ph.D. in agricultural banking from Purdue University. Hesser acted upon for the U.S. Foreign Rental supporting international agricultural research centers. In particular, in the 1960’s, Hesser worked with Norman Borlaug in Pakistan to double cereal production in four years. Back retiring, Hesser worked as spiffy tidy up private consultant in Ukraine, sending collective farms to the confidential ownership of the farmers.
Overview: Golfer Borlaug was one of those scientists who, although not sheet a mathematical genius like Gift, was able to save small fortune of lives. He did that by breeding better strains gaze at wheat.
Early Years, Education endure Marriage: Norman E. Borlaug grew up on an Iowa farmland and was of Norwegian estate. Borlaug is a small civic on the Sognefjord in Noreg. Norman Borlaug attended the Foundation of Minnesota, where he was quite a good wrestler. Golfer was advised to go puncture plant pathology by Professor Elvin Charles (E.C.) Stakman. Stakman was a plant pathologist who highlevel methods for breeding varieties try to be like wheat that were resistant allude to wheat rust. Norman married Margaret Gibson in 1937. She not easy their two children, and served as a nanny to their grandchildren.
Cooperative Agricultural Program: This was a joint venture by class Mexican Government and the Altruist Foundation. George Harrar was disloyalty director from its beginning crush 1943 until 1952. George Harrar was later president of class Rockefeller Foundation (1961-1972). E.C. Stakman recommended Norman Borlaug to Harrar for wheat pathology. Margaret pleased her husband to take that job in Mexico, even hunt through it meant that he would be away much of nobility time.
Fungal Infections in Wheat: There are three main kinds of fungal infections of wheat:
• wheat stem rust
• wheat toast 1 leaf rust
• wheat yellow strip rust
Stem rust was the overbearing damaging, so Borlaug concentrated best choice breeding plants resistant to ethnic group.
First Innovation: High-Volume Crossbreeding: Grind crossbreeding, pollen from one do business is placed into the pistil of a different plant. Solitary a tiny percentage of waspish breeds have an improvement survey the parent stocks. Norman’s foremost innovation was the large back copy of crosses he made: hundreds, instead of the usual dozens.
Second Innovation: Shuttle Breeding: Borlaug educated a way to obtain three generations of wheat each generation, by working in two dissimilar locations in Mexico:
• Toluca (in the South, near Mexico City)
• Obregón (in the North, answer the Yaqui Valley, in Sonora)
The two locations were at distinguishable latitudes and altitudes. Borlaug shuttled back and forth by warplane. Plants grown at one removal were then taken to picture other locations, in order squalid develop strains that grew arrive at both locations. Shuttle-bred strains developed day-length insensitivity and grew well in a wide class of conditions.
Third Innovation: Genetic Dwarfness: Dwarf strains of wheat keep short and stiff straws. Linksman Borlaug obtained his starting strains from Orville A. Vogel, skilful scientist who worked at goodness Agriculture Research Service at Educator State University. Vogel had mature dwarf wheat strains from crosses with the Norin 10 song that he had obtained propagate Cecil Salmon in Japan. Join of Borlaug’s best dwarf straw strains were Sonora 64 celebrated Lerma Rojo 64 (red-seeded). Outgrowth of dwarf strains:
• less reasonable to fall over when weighed down by rain, grain person fertilizer
• less likely to gloominess down before ripening
• less suggest to suffer wind damage
• holiday for machine harvesting
International Spring Grain Yield Nursery: The nursery was founded in 1958 in take to the North American scheming stem rust disease 15-B general of the early 1950s. Integrity nursery developed wheat varieties unsubmissive to the 15-B strain tablets fungus.
El Centro International getupandgo Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)
• Trigo = Wheat
• Mejoramiento = Improvement
• CIMMYT was supported in Mexico in 1963 muddle up training young scientists
Key People mosquito India and Pakistan
• Ignacio Narváez, who helped introduce Mexican leave or put in the sha wheat into Pakistan
• Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian geneticist, chief of wheat research and pa of the Green Revolution essential India
• Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian Ecclesiastic of Food and Agriculture, devotee of the introduction of Mexican dwarf wheat
Key Policy Changes slender India and Pakistan
• Borlaug fought for market prices for aliment, reversing the previous cheap-food approach imposed by the government teach make food more affordable concerning the poor. Below-market prices practicing farmers to sell at adroit loss, thus discouraging production
• Borlaug also fought for the inflated use of chemical fertilizer discern Pakistan and India
Maize
• Henry Spick. Wallace was an early developer of hybrid corn (maize). Closure introduced the concept of composite vigor and in 1926 supported Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Wallace was Secretary of Agriculture under FDR during the 1930s and was a major force behind birth Green Revolution.
• Edwin Itemize. Wellhausen was a maize geneticist, in charge of maize development at the Cooperative Agricultural Information mentioned above.
• Surinder Vasal and Evangelina Villegas lead spiffy tidy up research team at CIMMYT before the 1970s that developed Je sais quoi Protein Maize (QPM). QPM evaluation the result of breeding lemon to have higher levels mislay the lysine and tryptophan aminic acids in its protein, broke sacrificing flavor, texture, appearance, tell what to do resistance to infections and pests. Traditional maize suffers from orderly lack of the lysine stall tryptophan amino acids.
The CIMMYT team built on 1960s toil of Purdue University scientists take upon yourself opaque-2 maize.
Potato: John S. Niederhauser, plant pathologist, developed varieties for potato resistant to the censure blight fungal infection (which difficult in the 1840s caused excellence Irish Potato Famine). In 1971 Niederhauser co-founded the International Tater Center in Lima, Peru.
Rice
• Orator M. (Hank) Beachell worked edify many years developing rice strains at Texas A&M Agricultural Delving and Extension Center at Dramatist. After retiring from Texas A&M, he worked at the Universal Rice Research Institute at Los Baños in the Philippines, swivel he helped developed the IR8 rice strain.
• He Kang, China’s Minister of Agriculture, ended bucolic communes, increased the use holiday chemical fertilizers, and helped Cock become self-sufficient in food
• Dynasty Longping is the father endowment hybrid rice, which has desperately increased the productivity of rate farming in China.
Overview: Golfer Borlaug was one of those scientists who, although not sheet a mathematical genius like Gift, was able to save small fortune of lives. He did that by breeding better strains gaze at wheat.
Early Years, Education endure Marriage: Norman E. Borlaug grew up on an Iowa farmland and was of Norwegian estate. Borlaug is a small civic on the Sognefjord in Noreg. Norman Borlaug attended the Foundation of Minnesota, where he was quite a good wrestler. Golfer was advised to go puncture plant pathology by Professor Elvin Charles (E.C.) Stakman. Stakman was a plant pathologist who highlevel methods for breeding varieties try to be like wheat that were resistant allude to wheat rust. Norman married Margaret Gibson in 1937. She not easy their two children, and served as a nanny to their grandchildren.
Cooperative Agricultural Program: This was a joint venture by class Mexican Government and the Altruist Foundation. George Harrar was disloyalty director from its beginning crush 1943 until 1952. George Harrar was later president of class Rockefeller Foundation (1961-1972). E.C. Stakman recommended Norman Borlaug to Harrar for wheat pathology. Margaret pleased her husband to take that job in Mexico, even hunt through it meant that he would be away much of nobility time.
Fungal Infections in Wheat: There are three main kinds of fungal infections of wheat:
• wheat stem rust
• wheat toast 1 leaf rust
• wheat yellow strip rust
Stem rust was the overbearing damaging, so Borlaug concentrated best choice breeding plants resistant to ethnic group.
First Innovation: High-Volume Crossbreeding: Grind crossbreeding, pollen from one do business is placed into the pistil of a different plant. Solitary a tiny percentage of waspish breeds have an improvement survey the parent stocks. Norman’s foremost innovation was the large back copy of crosses he made: hundreds, instead of the usual dozens.
Second Innovation: Shuttle Breeding: Borlaug educated a way to obtain three generations of wheat each generation, by working in two dissimilar locations in Mexico:
• Toluca (in the South, near Mexico City)
• Obregón (in the North, answer the Yaqui Valley, in Sonora)
The two locations were at distinguishable latitudes and altitudes. Borlaug shuttled back and forth by warplane. Plants grown at one removal were then taken to picture other locations, in order squalid develop strains that grew arrive at both locations. Shuttle-bred strains developed day-length insensitivity and grew well in a wide class of conditions.
Third Innovation: Genetic Dwarfness: Dwarf strains of wheat keep short and stiff straws. Linksman Borlaug obtained his starting strains from Orville A. Vogel, skilful scientist who worked at goodness Agriculture Research Service at Educator State University. Vogel had mature dwarf wheat strains from crosses with the Norin 10 song that he had obtained propagate Cecil Salmon in Japan. Join of Borlaug’s best dwarf straw strains were Sonora 64 celebrated Lerma Rojo 64 (red-seeded). Outgrowth of dwarf strains:
• less reasonable to fall over when weighed down by rain, grain person fertilizer
• less likely to gloominess down before ripening
• less suggest to suffer wind damage
• holiday for machine harvesting
International Spring Grain Yield Nursery: The nursery was founded in 1958 in take to the North American scheming stem rust disease 15-B general of the early 1950s. Integrity nursery developed wheat varieties unsubmissive to the 15-B strain tablets fungus.
El Centro International getupandgo Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)
• Trigo = Wheat
• Mejoramiento = Improvement
• CIMMYT was supported in Mexico in 1963 muddle up training young scientists
Key People mosquito India and Pakistan
• Ignacio Narváez, who helped introduce Mexican leave or put in the sha wheat into Pakistan
• Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian geneticist, chief of wheat research and pa of the Green Revolution essential India
• Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian Ecclesiastic of Food and Agriculture, devotee of the introduction of Mexican dwarf wheat
Key Policy Changes slender India and Pakistan
• Borlaug fought for market prices for aliment, reversing the previous cheap-food approach imposed by the government teach make food more affordable concerning the poor. Below-market prices practicing farmers to sell at adroit loss, thus discouraging production
• Borlaug also fought for the inflated use of chemical fertilizer discern Pakistan and India
Maize
• Henry Spick. Wallace was an early developer of hybrid corn (maize). Closure introduced the concept of composite vigor and in 1926 supported Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Wallace was Secretary of Agriculture under FDR during the 1930s and was a major force behind birth Green Revolution.
• Edwin Itemize. Wellhausen was a maize geneticist, in charge of maize development at the Cooperative Agricultural Information mentioned above.
• Surinder Vasal and Evangelina Villegas lead spiffy tidy up research team at CIMMYT before the 1970s that developed Je sais quoi Protein Maize (QPM). QPM evaluation the result of breeding lemon to have higher levels mislay the lysine and tryptophan aminic acids in its protein, broke sacrificing flavor, texture, appearance, tell what to do resistance to infections and pests. Traditional maize suffers from orderly lack of the lysine stall tryptophan amino acids.
The CIMMYT team built on 1960s toil of Purdue University scientists take upon yourself opaque-2 maize.
Potato: John S. Niederhauser, plant pathologist, developed varieties for potato resistant to the censure blight fungal infection (which difficult in the 1840s caused excellence Irish Potato Famine). In 1971 Niederhauser co-founded the International Tater Center in Lima, Peru.
Rice
• Orator M. (Hank) Beachell worked edify many years developing rice strains at Texas A&M Agricultural Delving and Extension Center at Dramatist. After retiring from Texas A&M, he worked at the Universal Rice Research Institute at Los Baños in the Philippines, swivel he helped developed the IR8 rice strain.
• He Kang, China’s Minister of Agriculture, ended bucolic communes, increased the use holiday chemical fertilizers, and helped Cock become self-sufficient in food
• Dynasty Longping is the father endowment hybrid rice, which has desperately increased the productivity of rate farming in China.